These cars don't have enough crazy things that can go bad... I used to be into (owning and working on) VW TDIs. There were certain years where the engine coolant could wick into the vehicle's wiring harness through the coolant tank level sensor. There were cases where people had their tail light assemblies filled with coolant! The repair was full vehicle wiring harness replacement. Not cheap or easy. Later models had a liquid-cooled EGR system that liked to leak coolant into the exhaust stream. Not enough to belch white smoke, but enough to make you wonder where all your coolant was going.
I had a 1981 Rabbit Diesel. Head gaskets lasted about 20K miles on average, though in one case the shop apparently used the wrong gasket that only lasted long enough to get home and back (about 10 miles)! Wolf saw the car spewing coolant on his perfectly clean better-than-your-dining-table floor, uttered the name of the Son of God in a perfect Cherman Accent, and got a new supplier.
Later, when stopping at the dealer to pick up a normal maintenance part, I asked the parts guy about the head gasket problem; he looked up the car's VIN (or might have been the engine s/n) and said that oh yes, those have a problem; about the first 1/2 of the 1981 production has a bad head bolt setup that compresses the aluminum head (iron block) and eventually the gasket lets go. Or it might have been stretching head bolts (Honda had a batch of Civics with that problem). Anyway, he said that if block or head replacements were needed, he could only sell a new long block with the new, larger head bolts in a new pattern. Yes, that sounds like a warranty issue, but VW refused to accept it as emission-related (10 yr/150K) instead making it main warranty (1 yr/20K). These days, a lemon-law lawyer would eat their lunch and make it a class action; back in the '80s, I was SOL.
At one point, the car also managed to blow the glow plug fuse. Still don't know how, but it was impossible to start below about 65F ambient. Replaced it (60A, in a separate block on the firewall) and never had the problem again.
As for the Bolt, lack of attention to filling technique has been implicated in many low-coolant events after a battery replacement (under warranty or recall). I'm leaning toward something like that in this case.
Edit: just read the rest. Missing clamp. Uh, yeah, production issue. Dealer prep usually wouldn't look for that, thought they SHOULD have noticed an empty coolant tank.